•  Front Cover.....Front Cover

•  Industrial Control Technology: A Handbook for Engineers and Researchers.....iii

•  Copyright Page.....v

•  Contents.....vii

•  Preface.....xix

[+] Chapter 1. Sensors and Actuators for Industrial Control.....1                1.1 Sensors.....1                1.2 Actuators.....87                1.3 Valves.....142

[+] Chapter 2. Computer Hardware for Industrial Control.....187                2.1 Microprocessor Unit Chipset.....187                2.2 Programmable Peripheral Devices.....226                2.3 Application–Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC).....240

[+] Chapter 3. System Interfaces for Industrial Control.....259                3.1 Actuator–Sensor (AS) Interface.....259                3.2 Industrial Control System Interface Devices.....279                3.3 Human–Machine Interface in Industrial Control.....351                3.4 Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) Field Communications.....377

[+] Chapter 4. Digital Controllers for Industrial Control.....429                4.1 Industrial Intelligent Controllers.....429                4.2 Industrial Process Controllers.....532

[+] Chapter 5. Application Software for Industrial Control.....569                5.1 Boot Code for Microprocessor Unit Chipset.....570                5.2 Real-Time Operating System.....579                5.3 Real-Time Application System.....647

[+] Chapter 6. Data Communications in Distributed Control System.....675                6.1 Distributed Industrial Control System.....675                6.2 Data Communication Basics.....691                6.3 Data Transmission Control Circuits and Devices.....705                6.4 Data Transmission Protocols.....725                6.5 Data-Link Protocols.....749                6.6 Data Communication Protocols.....763

[+] Chapter 7. System Routines in Industrial Control.....775                7.1 Overview.....775                7.2 Power-On and Power-Down Routines.....776                7.3 Install and Configure Routines.....788                7.4 Diagnostic Routines.....804                7.5 Simulation Routines.....817

•  Index.....853

•  Front Cover.....Front Cover

•  Tufted Carpet: Textile Fibers, Dyes, Finishes, and Processes.....iii

•  Copyright Page.....iv

•  Contents.....xi

[+] Part 1: Introduction to Carpet Fiber.....1          [+] Chapter 1. Fiber Theory and Formation.....3                         1.1 FIBER CLASSIFICATION.....4                         1.2 FIBER PROPERTIES.....5                         1.3 FIBER FORMATION AND MORPHOLOGY.....11                         1.4 STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS.....21          [+] Chapter 2. Fiber Identification and Characterization.....23                         2.1 FIBER IDENTIFICATION.....23                         2.2 STRUCTURAL, PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION.....25                         2.3 END-USE PROPERTY CHARACTERIZATION.....31          [+] Chapter 3. Major Fibers and Their Properties.....35                         3.1 NYLON 6 AND NYLON 6,6 FIBERS.....35                         3.2 POLYESTER FIBERS.....40                         3.3 ACRYLIC FIBERS.....43                         3.4 MODACRYLIC FIBERS.....47                         3.5 POLYOLEFIN FIBERS.....50                         3.6 WOOL.....53

[+] Part 2: Carpet Making.....61          [+] Chapter 4. Yarn Formation.....63                         4.1 WOOLEN AND WORSTED SYSTEMS.....64                         4.2 STAPLE SYSTEMS.....65                         4.3 FILAMENT SYSTEMS.....65          [+] Chapter 5. Primary and Secondary Backing Construction.....67                         5.1 WOVEN.....67                         5.2 NONWOVEN.....76                         5.3 COMPOSITE FORMATION.....80                         5.4 NEW TUFTING PRIMARY BACKINGS.....81          [+] Chapter 6. Carpet Construction.....83                         6.1 DESCRIPTION OF LAYERS OF PILE CARPET.....83                         6.2 FINISHING.....90

[+] Part 3: Coatings, Raw Materials, and Their Processes.....93          [+] Chapter 7. Latex Coatings.....95                         7.1 LATEX COMPOUNDS.....95                         7.2 EXAMPLES OF LATEX COMPOUNDS.....99                         7.3 EFFECT OF FILLER ON LATEX-COATED CARPET.....101                         7.4 EFFECT OF DENIER ON TUFTBIND.....101                         7.5 FLAME RETARDANCY.....103                         7.6 SUMMARY.....104          [+] Chapter 8. Polyurethane Coating.....105                         8.1 POLYURETHANE RAW MATERlALS AND BASIC CHEMISTRY.....105                         8.2 MECHANICALLY FROTHED POLYURETHANE.....106                         8.3 WATER-BLOWN POLYLURETHANE.....107          [+] Chapter 9. Cushion.....109                         9.1 RESIDENTIAL.....109                         9.2 COMMERCIAL.....110                         9.3 FOAM PERFORMANCE.....111                         9.4 CUSHIONS AND PADS.....112          [+] Chapter 10. Polyvinyl Chloride Plastisol Coating.....115                         10.1 RAW MATERIALS.....115                         10.2 TROUBLESHOOTING.....118                         10.3 FORMULATION.....121                         10.4 DIMENSIONAL STABILITY.....121                         10.5 FLEXIBILITY.....122                         10.6 INDENTATION.....123                         10.7 CUTTING CARPET INTO TILE.....123                         10.8 IMPERMEABILITY.....123                         10.9 SUMMARY.....123          [+] Chapter 11. Hot Melt Coating.....125                         11.1 DISCUSSION OF HOT MELTS.....125                         11.2 INGREDIENTS.....127                         11.3 HOT MELT COATING PROCESS.....128                         11.4 COMPOUNDING.....130                         11.5 EXAMPLES OF HOT MELT COATING COMPOUNDS.....130          [+] Chapter 12. Extrusion Coating Technology.....133                         12.1 EXTRUSION COATING PROCESS.....133                         12.2 THE EXTRUDER.....134                         12.3 EXTRUDER DIE.....134                         12.4 DOWNSTREAM EQUIPMENT.....135                         12.5 POLYMERS AND COMPOUNDS.....136                         12.6 EXAMPLES OF EXTRUSION COATING COMPOUNDS.....136          [+] Chapter 13. Carpet Tile Coatings and Reinforcements.....139                         13.1 COATING SYSTEMS FOR CARPET TILE.....140                         13.2 FIBERGLASS REINFORCEMENT.....141                         13.3 SUMMARY.....141

[+] Part 4: Carpet Enhancers.....143          [+] Chapter 14. Antimicrobial Agents.....145                         14.1 USE.....145                         14.2 BACTERIAL SOURCES AND CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO GROWTH.....146                         14.3 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT SELECTION AND CONSIDERATION.....147                         14.4 RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS.....148                         14.5 PROOF OF CLAIMS.....148                         14.6 MICROORGANISM STRUCTURE.....149                         14.7 TYPES OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS.....149                         14.8 VARIOUS ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENTS.....150                         14.9 TESTING.....152                         14.10 PLACEMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS.....153                         14.11 SUMMARY.....153          [+] Chapter 15. Color, Dyes, Dyeing, and Printing.....155                         15.1 COLOR THEORY.....155                         15.2 DYES AND DYE CLASSIFICATION.....162                         15.3 APPLICATION METHODS AND FACTORS AFFECTING DYEING.....167                         15.4 DYES APPLIED TO FIBER CLASSES.....173          [+] Chapter 16. Stain Blockers and Fluorochemicals.....177                         16.1 BACKGROUND.....177                         16.2 STAIN RESIST CHEMICALS FOR NYLON CARPET.....178                         16.3 TECHNOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY.....179                         16.4 FLUOROCHEMICALS.....180                         16.5 STAIN RESISTANCE TECHNOLOGY.....181                         16.6 APPLICATION OF STAIN RESIST CHEMICALS.....183                         16.7 APPLICATIONS EXAMPLES OF STAIN RESISTANT.....188                         16.8 PERFORMANCE TESTING.....191

[+] Part 5: Performance, Cleaning, and Recycling.....193          [+] Chapter 17. Performance Issues.....195                         17.1 STANDARDS AND TESTS.....195                         17.2 APPEARANCE RETENTION.....196                         17.3 FLAMMABILITY.....197                         17.4 SOUND ABSORPTION.....207                         17.5 OTHER PERFORMANCE ISSUES.....211          [+] Chapter 18. Maintenance and Cleaning.....215                         18.1 CLEANING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT.....215                         18.2 REMOVAL OF STAINS AND CLEANING HINTS.....216                         18.3 CLEANING STAINS AND SPILLS.....217          [+] Chapter 19. Recycling.....219                         19.1 DISCUSSION.....219                         19.2 USES.....220                         19.3 RECOVERY PROCESSES.....221                         19.4 EXAMPLES OF CARPET RECYCLING.....222

•  Appendix: Carpet Test Methods.....225

•  Glossary.....227

•  Bibliography.....237

•  Index.....239

•  Front Cover.....Front Cover

•  3D Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites.....iii

•  Copyright Page.....iv

•  Table of Contents.....ix

•  Preface.....vii

[+] Chapter 1. Introduction.....1                1.1 Background.....1                1.2 Introduction to 3D FRP Composites.....6

[+] Chapter 2. Manufacture of 3D Fibre Preforms.....13                2.1 Introduction.....13                2.2 Weaving.....13                2.3 Braiding.....22                2.4 Knitting.....32                2.5 Stitching.....40                2.6 SUMMARY.....45

[+] Chapter 3. Preform Consolidation.....47                3.1 Introduction.....47                3.2 Liquid Moulding Techniques.....48                3.3 Injection Equipment.....52                3.4 Resin Selection.....54                3.5 Preform Considerations.....56                3.6 Tooling.....57                3.7 Component Quality.....60                3.8 Summary.....61

[+] Chapter 4. Micromechanics Models for Mechanical Properties.....63                4.1 Introduction.....63                4.2 Fundamentals in Micromechanics.....64                4.3 Unit Cell Models for 2D Woven Composites.....70                4.4 Models for 3D Woven Composites.....90                4.5 Unit Cell Models for Braided and Knitted Composites.....100                4.6 Failure Strength Prediction.....104

[+] Chapter 5. 3D Woven Composites.....107                5.1 Introduction.....107                5.2 Microstructural Properties of 3D Woven Composites.....108                5.3 In-Plane Mechanical Properties of 3D Woven Composites.....113                5.4 Interlaminar Fracture Properties of 3D Woven Composites.....128                5.5 Impact Damage Tolerance of 3D Woven Composites.....132                5.6 3D Woven Distance Fabric Composites.....133

[+] Chapter 6. Braided Composite Materials.....137                6.1 Introduction.....137                6.2 In-Plane Mechanical Properties.....138                6.3 Fracture Toughness and Damage Performance.....143                6.4 Fatigue Performance.....145                6.5 Modelling of Braided Composites.....145                6.6 Summary.....146

[+] Chapter 7. Knitted Composite Materials.....147                7.1 Introduction.....147                7.2 In-Plane Mechanical Properties.....149                7.3 Interlaminar Fracture Toughness.....158                7.4 Impact Performance.....159                7.5 Modelling of Knitted Composites.....161                7.6 Summary.....162

[+] Chapter 8. Stitched Composites.....163                8.1 Introduction to Stitched Composites.....163                8.2 The Stitching Process.....164                8.3 Mechanical Properties of Stitched Composites.....169                8.4 Interlaminar Properties of Stitched Composites.....182                8.5 Impact Damage Tolerance of Stitched Composites.....195                8.6 Stitched Composite Joints.....201

[+] Chapter 9. Z-Pinned Composites.....205                9.1 Introduction.....205                9.2 Fabrication of Z-Pinned Composites.....206                9.3 Mechanical Properties of Z-Pinned Composites.....209                9.4 Delamination Resistance and Damage Tolerance of Z-Pinned Composites.....211                9.5 Z-Pinned Joints.....216                9.6 Z-Pinned Sandwich Composites.....217

•  References.....219

•  Subject Index.....237

•  Cover.....FC

•  Contents.....ix

•  Preface.....v

•  List of Contributors.....vii

•  Introduction.....xi

•  Chapter I. Porous Structure and Liquid Flow Models.....1

•  Chapter II. Surface Tension and Surface Energy.....57

•  Chapter III. Fluid Absorption in High Bulk Nonwovens.....93

•  Chapter IV. Introduction to Computational Modeling and Its Applications in Absorbent Technology.....129

•  Chapter V. The Role of Surfactants.....149

•  Chapter VI. Fibers and Fibrous Materials.....199

•  Chapter VII. Cross-linked Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.....233

•  Chapter VIII. Synthetic Superabsorbents.....283

•  Chapter IX. Polymer Grafted Cellulose and Starch.....323

•  Chapter X. Nonwovens in Absorbent Materials.....349

•  Chapter XI. Measurement Techniques for Absorbent Materials and Products.....389

•  Chapter XII. Products and Technology Perspective.....447

•  Subject Index.....479

•  Cover.....Front Cover

•  Improving Changeover Performance.....iii

•  Copyright Page.....iv

•  Contents.....v

•  Preface.....ix

•  Acknowledgements.....xi

[+] Chapter 1. Introduction.....1                1.1 Changeover and modern manufacturing practice.....2                1.2 The aims of the book .....2                1.3 The structure of the book .....3                1.4 Definitions .....3                1.5 Shigeo Shingo's `SMED' methodology .....8                1.6 Changeover and maintenance.....9                1.7 Summary.....10                References.....10

[+] Chapter 2. Manufacturing flexibility.....16                2.1 Reassessing economic order quanity.....17                2.2 Business flexibility and manufacturing flexibility.....20                2.3 Changeover and total productive maintenance.....29                2.4 Options to achieve flexible small-batch manufacture.....32                2.5 Conclusions.....36                References.....37

[+] Chapter 3. Addresing diverse changeover issues: An overall methodology for changeover improvement.....47          [+] Part 1. Addressing diverse changeover issues.....48                         3.1 Initiative overview.....48                         3.2 Specific issues for management consideration.....53          [+] Part 2 Undertaking improvement.....87                         3.3 An overall methodology for changeover improvement.....87                         3.4 Conclusions.....90                         References.....91

[+] Chatper 4. Financial benefit analysis.....107                4.1 Benefit arising from better changeover performance.....108                4.2 A classification of where benefit may bederived.....109                4.3 A financial benefit analysis procedure.....129                4.4 Constraints.....131                4.5 Conclusions.....132                References.....133

[+] Chatper 5. The role of design.....146                5.1 Acknowledgement of a place for design.....146                5.2 Defining design changes.....149                5.3 Design for changeover in the machine tool industry.....150                5.4 Some issues applicable to using design.....154                5.5 A company undertaking design for changeover.....170                5.6 The organization–design spectrum.....172                5.7 The `Reduction-In' strategy.....175                5.8 Applying the `Reduction-In' strategy.....181                5.9 Design rules for changeover.....183                5.10 Conclusions.....191                References.....192

[+] Chapter 6. Shopfloor issues: Changeover auditing.....202                6.1 Improvement team composition.....202                6.2 Changeover analysis.....203                6.3 Data recording.....205                6.4 Deriving a detailed understanding of the changeover.....206                6.5 Resist unqualified judgement of improvement options.....211                6.6 Changeover analysis in preparation for improvement idea generation.....211                6.7 Conclusions.....216                References.....216

[+] Chapter 7. Shopfloor issues: Develop an operational strategy; Set local targets; Implement; Monitor.....217                7.1 Overview.....217                7.2 The matrix methodology: preliminary discussion.....219                7.3 Developing the matrix methodology.....222                7.4 Matrix methodology: matrix concepts and techniques.....224                7.5 The techniques level of the matrix methodology.....235                7.6 Using the matrix methodology: conclusions.....235                7.7 A reference changeover model.....237                7.8 Making use of a reference changeover model.....241                7.9 Deciding which improvement options to adopt.....243                7.10 Set local targets.....248                7.11 Implementation phase activity.....248                7.12 Conclusions.....249                References.....253                Postscript.....253

[+] Chapter 8. Organization-led improvement techniques.....256                8.1 Reallocate tasks to external time.....256                8.2 Reallocate tasks to be conducted more in parallel.....258                8.3 Reallocate tasks so that they are`compacted' together better.....259                8.4 Breaking task interdependencies (by organizational change).....259                8.5 Know of, and use, predefined settings.....265                8.6 Define inspection parameters to signify adjustment completion.....267                8.7 Understand possible adjustment interrelationships.....267                8.8 Address precision requirements (by organizational change).....268                8.9 Seek to avoid damage.....268                8.10 Identifying, agreeing and implementating standard procedures.....268                8.11 Prior checking that required changeover items are present.....269                8.12 Prior checking of item quality standards.....269                8.13 Batch sequencing.....270                8.14 Eliminating superfluous activity.....270                8.15 Address problems that arise.....270                8.16 Conducting individual changeover tasks efficiently.....271                8.17 Employing the best tools/handling/storage aids.....271                8.18 Ensuring excellent identification.....272                8.19 Ensuring cleanliness.....272                8.20 Conclusions.....273                References.....273

[+] Chapter 9. Design-led improvement techniques.....275                9.1 Break task interdependencies (by deisgn change).....275                9.2 Automate adjustment.....276                9.3 Address precision requirements (by design change).....276                9.4 Consider using monitoring equipment.....278                9.5 Make items more robust (less prone to damage or wear).....278                9.6 Upgrade changeover item quality (secondary design).....279                9.7 Act upon standard change part features.....279                9.8 Act upon standard product features.....280                9.9 Standardize features beyond the immediate changeover equipment.....280                9.10 Foolproof' location.....281                9.11 Add devices to aid existing tasks.....281                9.12 Modify equipment to aid existing tasks.....283                9.13 Improve access.....287                9.14 Mechanize activity.....288                9.15 Seek single-person working.....289                9.16 Reduce task content.....289                9.17 Conduct automated tasks more quickly.....290                9.18 Separate/combine items.....290                9.19 Avoid using hand tools.....291                9.20 Final thoughts.....291                9.21 Conclusions.....292                References.....292

[+] Chapter 10. Case studies.....294                10.1 Case study 1 The use of design.....294                10.2 Case study 2a Improvement of a plastic bottle conveying mechanism.....295                10.3 Case study 2b The importance of datums/1.....301                10.4 Case study 2c The importance of datums/2.....303                10.5 Case studies 2a, 2b and 2c General notes.....304                10.6 Case study 3a Improvement limitations.....305                10.7 Case study 3b Improving communication.....315                10.8 Conclusions.....323

•  Appendix 1. Changeover terms.....324

•  Appendix 2. Acronyms.....327

•  Appendix 3. Changeover audit sheet.....328

•  Appendix 4. Suggested classifications.....331

•  Appendix 5. Improvement option assessment sheet.....333

•  Appendix 6. Changeover improvement work plan.....335

•  Index.....339

•  Cover.....Front Cover

•  Contents.....ix

•  Preface.....v

•  Contributors.....vii

[+] Part I: Printing and Imaging Technologies.....1          [+] Chapter 1. Dyes for ink jet printing.....1                         1 Introduction.....1                         2 Ink jet technology.....1                         3 Photorealistic ink jet printing.....2                         4 Aqueous ink jet dyes.....4                         5 Non-aqueous ink jet dyes .....25                         6 Ink jet printing as a manufacturing process.....27                         7 Summary.....32                         8 References.....33          [+] Chapter 2. Thermal transfer printing.....35                         1 Introduction.....35                         2 Thermal wax transfer.....36                         3 Dye diffusion thermal transfer. D2T2.....40                         4 Light fastness.....51                         5 Conclusions .....59                         6 References.....60          [+] Chapter 3. Dyes used in photography .....61                         1 Introduction.....61                         2 Conventional photographic dyes.....61                         3 Silver dye bleach process.....87                         4 Dye diffusion processes.....90                         5 Opacification dyes.....105                         6 Bleachable filter dyes.....107                         7 Sensitizing dyes.....109                         8 References.....125

[+] Part II: FD&C and Medical Dyes.....131          [+] Chapter 4. Color additives for foods, drugs, and cosmetics.....131                         1 The historical development of certified color additives.....131                         2 A survey of certified color additives .....141                         3 Properties of color additives.....163                         4 Evaluation and analysis of color additives.....167                         5 World-wide regulations and permitted color additives.....171                         6 The future of color additives .....186                         7 General References.....187          [+] Chapter 5. Biomedical application of dyes.....189                         1 Introduction.....189                         2 Dyes in bioanalysis and medical diagnostics .....190                         3 Dyes as therapeutic agents .....212                         4 Conclusions.....227                         5 Acknowledgments.....228                         6 References.....228          [+] Chapter 6. Functional dyes directed for molecular recognition: chromogenic and fluorescent receptors.....238                         1 Introduction.....238                         2 Historical perspective .....239                         3 Cations.....240                         4 Anions.....256                         5 Neutral molecules.....260                         6 Conclusion and outlook.....267                         7 Acknowledgements .....268                         8 References.....268

[+] Part III: Functional Materials.....275          [+] Chapter 7. Laser dyes: structure and spectroscopic properties.....275                         1 Introduction .....275                         2 Principles of lasers and dye lasers.....277                         3 Fluorescence and molecular structure.....285                         4 Triplet-triplet absorption of organic compounds .....292                         5 Spectroscopic parameters that affect laser action .....297                         6 Excitation sources for dye lasers .....299                         7 Spectroscopic test equipment.....303                         8 Laser dyes.....313                         9 Quasi-aromatic laser dyes.....326                         10 Final Observations.....333                         11 Acknowledgements .....334                         12 References.....334          [+] Chapter 8. Multifunctional dye materials from new dicyanopyrazine chromophores.....339                         1 Introduction.....339                         2 Syntheses of dicyanopyrazine related dyes.....340                         3 Molecular structure, chromophoric system and their functionality.....348                         4 Conclusions.....379                         5 References.....380

[+] Part IV: Natural Color/Substrates.....382          [+] Chapter 9. Natural dyes .....382                         1 Introduction and historical overview.....382                         2 Synthesis.....415                         3 Dye Application.....439                         4 Fastness and shades.....451                         5 Safety. toxicology and ecology .....452                         6 Use of natural dyes today .....452                         7 Acknowledgements.....453                         8 Literature.....453          [+] Chapter 10. Synthetic dyes for human hair.....456                         1 Introduction.....456                         2 Oxidation hair dyes.....457                         3 Non-oxidative hair dyes.....467                         4 References.....476          [+] Chapter 11 Leather dyes .....478                         1 Introduction.....478                         2 General aspects .....478                         3 Dyeing leather.....484                         4 Trends over the last 100 years in leather dyeing .....490                         5 New development trends in leather dyeing .....499                         6 Nomenclature and structure of leather dyes.....508                         7 Practical aspects of dyeing and dyeing auxiliaries .....534                         8 Fastness properties and how to improve and test them.....538                         9 Trends in health and environmental regulation .....544                         10 Acknowledgements .....554                         11 References.....554          [+] Chapter 12. Structural colors: nano-optics in the biological world.....558                         1 Introduction.....558                         2 CIE color space.....559                         3 General methods of color production .....563                         4 Color generation on wings.....574                         5 Eyeshine of butterflies.....584                         6 Bird feathers.....588                         7 Color specification and color vision.....588                         8 Color properties of cholesteric liquid crystals.....594                         9 Application of CLCs to optical limiting.....597                         10 Color due to vibrational transitions.....597                         11 Concluding remarks .....600                         12 Acknowledgments .....601                         13 References.....601                         14 Color Palettes.....604

•  Index.....607

•  Cover.....Front Cover

•  Applied Spectroscopy: A Compact Reference for Practitioners.....iii

•  Copyright Page.....iv

•  Contents.....v

•  Contributors.....xi

•  Preface.....xiii

[+] Section 1: The Practical Basics of Spectrometry.....1          [+] Chapter 1. Optical Spectrometers.....3                         I. Introduction.....4                         II. Types of Spectrometers.....5                         III. Details of Spectrometer Components.....10                         IV. Properties of Spectrometers.....18                         References.....27                         Further Reading.....28          [+] Chapter 2. Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrometry.....29                         I. Introduction.....29                         II. Instrumentation.....30                         III. Sampling Considerations.....36                         IV. Applications.....38                         Further Reading.....47          [+] Chapter 3. A Review of Sampling Methods for Infrared Spectroscopy.....49                         I. Introduction.....50                         II. General Considerations.....51                         III. Sample Type versus Sampling Method.....53                         IV. Sampling Method versus Sample Type.....62                         V. Sample Modification and/or Purification Methods.....79                         VI. Recommended Spectrum Acquisition, Presentation Format, and Data Manipulation Procedures.....85                         VII. Summary.....89                         References.....89          [+] Chapter 4. Spectroscopic Quantitative Analysis.....93                         I. What is "Chemometrics"?.....93                         II. The Beer-Lambert Law.....94                         III. Classical Quantitation Methods.....95                         IV. Eigenvector Quantitation Methods.....107          [+] Chapter 5. Spectroscopic Qualitative Analysis.....165                         I. Discriminant Analysis.....166                         II. Simple Spectrum Matching Methods.....168                         III. Other Methods.....170                         IV. The Mahalanobis Distance with PCA.....171                         V. Coupling Mahalanobis Distance with PCA.....176

[+] Section 2: Reflectance Measurements of Solids.....191          [+] Chapter 6. Reflectance Spectroscopy: An Overview of Classification and Techniques.....193                         I. Relative Specular Measurements.....194                         II. Absolute Specular Reflectance.....198                         III. Sample Preparation and Handling.....202                         IV. Diffuse and Total Reflectance.....202                         V. Integrated Sphere Measurements of Diffuse Reflectance.....203                         VI. Integrated Sphere Geometries.....205                         VII. Nonintegrating Sphere Methods.....210                         VIII. Diffuse/Directional Measurement of Reflectance.....212                         IX. Directional/Directional Diffuse Reflectance Measurements.....216                         X. Goniospectrophotometric Measurement of Reflectance.....218                         XI. Reflectance Measurement Techniques.....220                         References.....223          [+] Chapter 7. Spectroscopy of Solids.....225                         I. Introduction.....225                         II. The Physics of Light Interaction with Solid Materials.....226                         III. Devices Used for Spectroscopy of Solids.....229                         IV. Applications for Spectroscopy of Solids.....232                         V. Conclusions.....245                         References.....245          [+] Chapter 8. Standards for Reflectance Measurements.....247                         I. Specular Standards.....249                         II. Diffuse Reflectance Standards.....251                         III. Mid-Infrared Diffuse High-Reflectance Standards.....258                         IV. Gray Scale Standards for UV-VIS-NIR.....259                         V. Mid-Infrared Gray Scale Standards.....261                         VI. Color Standards.....261                         VII. Wavelength Calibration Standards.....262                         References.....265          [+] Chapter 9. Reflectance Measurements of Diffusing Surfaces Using Conic Mirror Reflectometers.....269                         I. Introduction.....269                         II. Terminology.....271                         III. Historical Overview.....273                         IV. Measurement Geometries.....276                         V. Sources of Error.....278                         VI. Summary and Conclusions.....296                         References.....296          [+] Chapter 10. Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function as a Measure of Optical Scatter.....299                         I. Introduction: Significance and Use of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function.....299                         II. Terminology and Definition of BRDF.....302                         III. Interpreting BRDF Light Scatter Measurements.....308                         IV. Summary.....321                         Appendix.....321                         References.....323                         Additional Sources.....324

[+] Section 3: Practical Application of Spectroscopic Measurement.....327          [+] Chapter 11. Selecting a Spectroscopic Method by Industrial Application.....329                         I. The Process.....329                         II. The Product.....333                         III. The Measurement Procedure.....336                         IV. Summary and Conclusions.....341                         References.....342          [+] Chapter 12. Color and Solar Transmittance Measurements.....343                         I. Introduction.....344                         II. Current Color Spectrophotometer Principles and Geometries.....346                         III. Instrument Applications.....352                         IV. Measurement Techniques.....359                         V. Mathematical Considerations.....365                         VI. Pitfalls: User Techniques.....374                         VII. Limitations: Instruments and Techniques.....377                         VIII. Advances Needed.....381                         References.....383          [+] Chapter 13. Optical Spectroscopy of New Materials.....389                         I. Background.....389                         II. Current State of the Art.....390                         III. Current Applications.....391                         IV. Pitfalls of Techniques for Basic Users.....393                         V. Limitations of Current Instrumentation and Techniques.....395                         VI. Advances Needed in the Field.....396                         References.....396          [+] Chapter 14. Spectroscopy of Ceramics.....399                         I. Introduction.....399                         II. Scattered Light and Its Relationship to Reflectance of Ceramics.....400                         III. Reflected Light from Opaque Ceramics.....405                         IV. Transmitted Light through Ceramic Crystals.....413                         V. Mechanisms of Optical Absorption in Ceramics.....415                         References.....421          [+] Chapter 15. Spectroscopy Using Flowing Systems for Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Applications.....423                         I. Defining the Sample/System.....423                         II. Choosing the Appropriate Measuring Instrumentation.....426                         III. Applications.....431                         IV. Conclusion.....435                         References.....435          [+] Chapter 16. Textile Application of Molecular Spectroscopy.....437                         I. Introduction.....437                         II. Textile Test Specimens.....438                         III. Applications in Greige Manufacturing Processes.....438                         IV. Thermal History of Synthetic Fibers.....444                         V. Fabric Finishing Application: Durable Press Resin on Fabrics.....446                         VI. Application of Infrared Spectroscopy in Textiles.....450                         References.....457          [+] Chapter 17. Solar Measurements.....459                         I. Introduction.....459                         II. Spectrophotometer: Principles and Geometries.....461                         III. Instrument Applications.....466                         IV. Measurement Techniques.....474                         V. Mathematical Considerations.....478                         VI. Basic User Technique Pitfalls.....481                         VII. Limitations.....486                         VIII. Advances Needed.....487                         References.....489

•  Appendix A: Sources, Detectors, and Window Materials for UV-VIS, NIR, and IR Spectroscopy.....493

•  Appendix B: Practices of Data Preprocessing for Optical Spectrophotometry.....497

•  Appendix C: Infrared Microspectroscopy.....507

•  Appendix D: Diffuse Transmittance and Optical Geometry.....513

•  Appendix E: Dichroic Measurements of Polymer Films Using Infrared Spectrometry.....525

•  Index.....531

•  Foreword .....3

•  CHAPTER I .IN A SOUTHERN MILL VILLAGE .....9

•  CHAPTER II. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN COTTON MILLS. .....31

•  CHAPTER IV.THE MILL VILLAGE A COMPANY TOWN. .....43

•  CHAPTER V. ECONOMIC LIFE AND SOCIAL STATUS OF DIXIE MILI HANDS. .....58

•  CHAPTER VI. UNIONISM IN SOUTHERN TEXTILES .....70

•  CHAPTER VII. OUTLOOK FOR SOUTHERN MILL WORKERS. .....91

•  PREFACE .....v

•  TABLE OF CONTENTS.....vii

[+] TEXTILES: A HANDBOOK FOR THE STUDENT AND THE CONSUMER.....1                CHAPTER I BEGINNING OF THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY .....1                CHAPTER II SPINNING .....16                CHAPTER III HAND WEAVING.....45                CHAPTER IV POWER WEAVING .....66                CHAPTER VI WOOLEN AND WORSTED- MANUFACTURE .....119                CHAPTER VII THE COTTON INDUSTRY.....163                CHAPTER VIII SILK.....202                CHAPTER IX THE LINEN INDUSTRY.....235                CHAPTER X CONSUMER'S JUDGMENT OF TEXTILES .....265                CHAPTER XI MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF TEXTILE FIBERS .....278                CHAPTER XII CHEMICAL STUDY OF TEXTILE FIBERS.....293                CHAPTER XIII DYEING OF TEXTILE FIBERS.....317                CHAPTER XIV LAUNDRY NOTES.....335                CHAPTER XV HYGIENE OF CLOTHING.....346                CHAPTER XVI SOME ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF TEXTILE PURCHASE.....356                CHAPTER XVII CLOTEITNG BUDGETS.....380

•  BIBLIOGRAPHY.....409

•  GLOSSARY.....412

•  INDEX .....417

•  PREFACE .....v

•  INTRODUCTION .....ix

•  TABLE OF CONTENTS .....xiv

[+] THE SILK INDUSTRY AND TRADE .....1          [+] PART I .....1                         Chapter I: PRESENT POSITION OF THE BRITISH SILK INDUSTRY .....1                         Chapter II: RAW MATERIAL FOR SILK MANUFACTURES .....10                         Chapter III: RAW SILK .....13                   [+] Chapter IV: USES OF RAW SILK IN DIFFERENT TRADES .....25                             GRADES AND SIZES .....25                   [+] Chapter V: THE SILK SPINNING INDUSTRY .....35                             WASTE SILK .....35                         Chapter VI : SUGGESTIONS FOR DEGUMMING OF WASTE IN INDIA .....48                         Chapter VII : TASAR WASTE .....51                         Chapter VIII: THE ERI AND MUGA SILKS .....56          [+] PART II .....61                         Chapter IX THE FRENCH SILK INDUSTRY .....61                         Chapter X : UTILITY OF INDIAN "RAWS " IN FRANCE .....74                         Chapter XI : SCRAPPING UTILIZATION OF SILK WASTES IN FRANCE .....81                   [+] Chapter XII: WILD SILKS .....87                             POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR CONSUMPTION IN FRANCE .....87                         Chapter XIII SALE OF COCOONS IN FRANCE .....89                   [+] Chapter XIV .....93                             MARSEILLES .....93                   [+] Chapter XV .....96                             LYONS CONDITIONING HOUSE .....96          [+] PART III .....107                   [+] Chapter XVI .....107                             DETERMINATION OF PRICES .....107                   [+] Chapter XVII .....118                             DETERMINATION OF CONSUMPTION .....118                   [+] Chapter XVIII .....125                             COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION.....125                             IMPROVEMENT OF CANTON FILATURE SKEINS .....129          [+] Appendix .....145                         HISTORICAL SKETCH .....145                INDEX .....167

•  PREFACE.....9

•  LOCATION OF HOPEDALE......11

•  COTTON MANUFACTURE. .....12

•  STATISTICS. .....23

•  LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN THE TEXTILE STATES.....23

•  COTTON BALE SHEARS.....61

•  OPENING AND PICKING.....62

•  WOOD'S BELT HOLE GUARil~· .....63

•  GETCHELL'S IMPROVED THOMPSON OIL-CAN.....65

•  CARDING......66

[+] SPINNING FRAMES.....74                GENERAL CARE OF FRAMES. .....74                CARE OF ROLLS. .....74                ROLL WEIGHTING.....75                ROVING GUIDES. .....75                GUIDE WIRES.....75                SEPARATORS......76                RINGS......76                LIFTING RODS......77                SPINDLES......77                BANDING......79                GENERAL DETAILS. .....81

[+] SPINDLE POWER.....82                PRACTICAL METHODS OF POWER TESTING.....84                POWER CONSUMPTION ANALYZED.....87

[+] PRODUCTION TABLES. .....88                CONSTANTS. .....89                SPINNING FRAME DIMENSIONS.....97

•  ARTIFICIAL HUMIDIFICATION.....99

[+] BREAKING STRENGTH OF YARN .....104                STANDARD WARP YARN.....108                RULES FOR SPINNERS......110                NUMBERING YARNS. .....115

[+] WEAVING......130                CLOTH STRUCTURAL TABLES.....152

[+] THE 49 D SPINDLE.....174                SPINDLE BASES.....176                THE DRAPER SPINDLE......178                LARGE SIZES......178                THE WHITIN, OR GRAVITY SPINDLE......182                THE McMULLAN SPINDLE.....184                DRAPER SPINDLES......186                THE SEPARATOR. .....188                THE MIRROR SPINNING RING......190                SPINNING RING FLANGES. .....191                PRICE S OF MIRROR SPINNING RINGS. .....193                SHAW & FLINN'S LIFTING ROD CLEANER......194                THE SPEAKMAN LEVER SCREW.....196                SPEED COUNTERS......196                THE BAND TENSION SCALE. .....197                RHOADES PATENT BANDING MACHINE.....198                HASTINGS PATENT METAL BUSHED BOBBIN. .....201                DUCKWORTH'S PATENT TRAVELER MAGAZINE. .....203                THE MOSCROP PATENT SINGLE THREAD YARN- TESTING MACHINE......205                SPOOLERS......207

[+] THE BOURNE AND JOHNSON SPOOLER TENDERS' KNOT TRIMMER.....229                WARPERS. .....230                WARPER PRODUCTION. .....247                THE WALCOTT CHAIN WARPER......253                BALL WARPERS AND BALLING MACHINES.....256                TWISTERS. .....273

•  THE NORTHROP LOOM.....305

[+] LOOM TEMPLES. .....336                SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS......342

•  PREFACE.....iii

•  CONTENTS.....v

•  THE TEXTILE FIBRES.....1

•  CHAPTER I CLASSIFICATION OF THE TEXTILE FIBRES .....1

•  CHAPTER II WOOL AND HAIR FIBRES.....14

•  CHAPTER III THE CHEMICAL NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF WOOL AND HAIR FIBRES.....49

•  CHAPTER IV SHODDY AND WOOL SUBSTITUTES .....79

•  CHAPTER V MINOR HAIR FIBRES.....85

•  CHAPTER VI SILK: ITS ORIGIN AND CULTIVATION.....105

•  CHAPTER VII PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILK.....120

•  CHAPTER VIII CHEMICAL NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SILK.....131

•  CHAPTER IX THE VEGETABLE FIBRES.....152

•  CHAPTER X COTTON.....184

•  CHAPTER XI THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF COTTON.....227

•  CHAPTER XII CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON CELLULOSE .....260

•  CHAPTER XIII MERCERIZED COTTON.....308

•  CHAPTER XIV THE MINOR SEED HAIRS.....343

•  CHAPTER XV ARTIFICIAL SILKS.....351

•  CHAPTER XVI LINEN.....382

•  CHAPTER XVII JUTE, RAMIE, HEMP, AND MINOR VEGETABLE FIBRES.....399

•  CHAPTER XVIII ANALYSIS OF THE TEXTILE FIBRES.....461

•  CHAPTER XIX ANALYSIS OF TEXTILE FABRICS AND YARNS .....517

•  BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE TEXTILE FIBRES.....593

•  INDEX.....601